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title: "Introduction to the History of “Phaya Yommarat (Yamaraj)”"
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# Introduction to the History of “Phaya Yommarat (Yamaraj)”

## Introduction to the History of Phaya Yommarat (Yamaraj), the Judge of Human Souls

Phaya Yommarat (Yamaraj) is a deity found in the belief systems of many cultures, with numerous stories and legends associated with him. According to Indian mythology, Yommarat is said to be the son of the Sun God and Goddess Saranyu. His original name is Yama, and he is regarded as the god of death who rules over the underworld and hell.

He is believed to serve as a righteous judge of souls, responsible for delivering karmic results to both humans and animals. His judgment determines whether a soul must endure punishment in hell or ascend to heaven. Phaya Yommarat is depicted as carrying divine weapons such as the Yama noose (Yama-pasa) and the Yama staff (Yama-danda), both of which symbolize his absolute authority over life and death, capable of ending the existence of all living beings according to karmic law.

Some legends state that Phaya Yama was the first human being on Earth to experience death, and as the first to understand the realm of the afterlife, he came to serve as the controller of all spirits. Another legend suggests that he was once a king of Kosambi in the Vaishali region, who was deeply involved in warfare. Before his death, he made a vow and aspiration to be reborn as the ruler of hell. After passing away, he was then reborn as Phaya Yama.

In Theravada Buddhism, it is believed that Phaya Yama originates as a deva residing in the Cātummahārājika heaven, which is under the rule of Thao Dhatarattha, one of the Four Great Heavenly Kings. Phaya Yama is not merely the name of a single deity, but also a “title” or rank. It is divided into several levels, including 32 Yama rulers in the great hell realms, 320 Yama rulers in the subsidiary hell realms, and 1 chief Yama ruler of the underworld. In total, there are 353 Phaya Yamas in all.